英国的首都 语言 货币 国旗 货币符号 重要城市
英国国旗是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(英国)的国旗,中文又俗称米字旗,英文俗称“联合杰克”(The?Union?Jack)
最早的米字旗于1606年4月12日英格兰詹姆士一世统一英格兰和苏格兰时诞生。它是由英格兰圣乔治的十字和苏格兰圣安德鲁的交叉合并而成。不过,这面旗帜的旗面不是今天的深蓝色而是浅蓝色。威尔士由于早期已经被英格兰爱德华一世征服并被认为是英格兰的一部分,因此并没有出现在当时的英国国旗上。
今天的米字旗诞生于1801年1月1日,当时爱尔兰岛与不列颠组成了联合王国。爱尔兰圣帕特里克的白地红色交叉型旗再度与米字旗合并,从而形成了今天的米字旗。
米字旗最早其实是王室的旗帜,即使到今天,英国也没有法律确认米字旗为英国的国旗,不过它在功能上与国旗已经没有差别。1908年英国议会宣布“米字旗应该被认为是英国的国旗”。1933年英国内政大臣则宣布“米字旗就是英国国旗”。
英国的很多前殖民地国家将米字旗放在国旗的左上角,以示与英国的关系。这些国家中包括了澳大利亚和新西兰。加拿大在1965年前使用的国旗上也有米字旗的图案。
另外需要留意,虽然诈看没有分别,英国国旗其实是有上下之分,靠近旗杆的两条红白双色米字斜条中的上部主要应为白色,红色靠近下部,不可倒挂。
The?United?Kingdom?of?Great?Britain?and?Northern?Ireland?uses?as?its?national?flag?the?royal?banner?known?as?the?Union?Flag?or,?popularly,?Union?Jack.[1]?The?current?design?of?the?Union?Flag?dates?from?the?union?of?Ireland?and?Great?Britain?in?1801.?It?consists?of?the?red?cross?of?Saint?George?(patron?saint?of?England),?edged?in?white,?superimposed?on?the?Cross?of?St?Patrick?(patron?saint?of?Ireland),?which?are?superimposed?on?the?Saltire?of?Saint?Andrew?(patron?saint?of?Scotland).
Its?correct?proportions?are?1:2.?However,?the?version?officially?used?by?the?British?Army?modifies?the?proportions?to?3:5,?and?additionally?two?of?the?red?diagonals?are?cropped.
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伦敦(英文:London,读音:/?l?nd?n/?文件-播放)是英格兰和英国的首都、第一大城及第一大港,也是欧洲最大的都会区之一,自两千多年前罗马人成立这座都市起[1],伦敦一直在世界上具有极大的影响力。城市的核心地区伦敦市,仍保持着自中世纪起就划分的界限。然而,最晚自十九世纪起,“伦敦”这个名称同时也代表围绕着伦敦市开发的周遭地区[2]。这些卫星城市构成了伦敦的都会区[3]和大伦敦区[4]。
伦敦市世界四大世界级城市之一,与美国纽约、法国巴黎和日本东京并列?。伦敦未获英国城市地位,正式来说算不上是城市(其心脏地带伦敦市和西敏市才是城市),但因为自18世纪起她一直是世界上最重要的政治、经济、文化、艺术和娱乐中心之一,一般人都误以为她是一座城市。
从1801年到20世纪初,作为世界性帝国——大英帝国的首都,伦敦因在其于政治、经济、人文文化、科技发明等领域上的卓越成就,而成为全世界最大的都市。
伦敦是一个非常多元化的大都市,其居民来自世界各地,具有多元的种族、宗教和文化;城市中使用的语言超过300种。同时,伦敦还是世界闻名的旅游胜地,拥有数量众多的名胜景点与博物馆等。
2005年,伦敦的人口为750万,都会区的人口则超过1200万人。
London?(pronounced?/?l?nd?n/)?is?the?capital?of?England?and?the?United?Kingdom.?It?has?been?a?major?settlement?for?two?millennia,?and?its?history?goes?back?to?its?founding?by?the?Romans,?when?it?was?named?Londinium.[6]?London's?core,?the?ancient?City?of?London,?the?'square?mile',?retains?its?medieval?boundaries.?Since?at?least?the?nineteenth?century,?the?name?"London"?has?also?referred?to?the?metropolis?developed?around?it.?Today,?the?bulk?of?this?conurbation?forms?the?London?region[8]?and?the?Greater?London?administrative?area,[9]?with?its?own?elected?mayor?and?assembly.
London?is?a?major?global?city[11][12]?and?one?of?the?world's?largest?financial?centres.?Central?London?is?home?to?the?headquarters?of?more?than?half?of?the?UK's?top?100?listed?companies?(the?FTSE?100)?and?more?than?100?of?Europe's?500?largest.?London's?influence?in?politics,?finance,?education,?entertainment,?media,?fashion,?the?arts?and?culture?in?general?contributes?to?its?global?position.?It?is?a?major?tourist?destination?for?both?domestic?and?overseas?visitors.?London?hosted?the?1908?and?1948?Summer?Olympics?and?will?host?the?2012?Summer?Olympics.
London?contains?four?World?Heritage?Sites:?the?Tower?of?London;?the?historic?settlement?of?Greenwich;?the?Royal?Botanic?Gardens,?Kew;?and?the?site?comprising?the?Palace?of?Westminster,?Westminster?Abbey?and?St.?Margaret's?Church.[18]
London?has?a?wide?range?of?peoples,?cultures,?and?religions,?and?more?than?300?languages?are?spoken?within?its?boundaries.[19]?In?July?2007,?it?had?an?official?population?of?7,556,900?within?the?boundaries?of?Greater?London,[20]?making?it?the?most?populous?municipality?in?the?European?Union.[21]?The?Greater?London?Urban?Area?(the?second?largest?in?the?EU)?has?a?population?of?8,278,251.[2]?while?the?metropolitan?area?(the?largest?in?the?EU)?has?an?estimated?total?population?of?between?12?million?and?14?million.?The?London?Underground?network,?administered?by?Transport?for?London,?is?the?most?extensive?subway?network?in?the?world,?London?Heathrow?Airport?is?the?world's?busiest?airport?by?number?of?international?passengers[23]?and?the?airspace?is?the?busiest?of?any?urban?centre?in?the?world.[24]
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英国英语(British?English;BrE),又称英式英语,主要是指居住在不列颠群岛上的英格兰(England)人的英语规则,为英国本土及英联邦国家的官方语言。
英式英语并非为所有不列颠人认同。在某些非英格兰地区,特别是?苏格兰、威尔士与爱尔兰,主张不同方言之***存。他们认为强行统一英语等于无理羞辱。然而,对于英格兰人而言,他们不过将方言的进化看得太严肃。
历史上,英语之所以世界通行,全都是因为大英帝国的势力,且最有代表影响力的英国英语,又称“英国腔”,但仍然有许多国家却不这么认为(特别是美国)。
从二十世纪中叶至今,英语影响力的扩大,是因为美国在世界上占领经济、军事与政治的优势,世界也认为美国英语是目前最重要的语言。特别是许多美国文化产品(例如:电影、?书籍、?音乐)活跃在全世界,大量取代了其他英语系国家的产品。
英国英语仍然是许多英联邦国家的官方语言,包括澳大利亚、南非以印度,在?欧盟里也一样。英国英语在前英国殖民地香港、新加坡也继续使用。
English?is?a?West?Germanic?language?that?developed?in?England?during?the?Anglo-Saxon?era.?As?a?result?of?the?military,?economic,?scientific,?political,?and?cultural?influence?of?the?British?Empire?during?the?18th,?19th,?and?early?20th?centuries,?and?of?the?United?States?since?the?mid?20th?century,[7][8][9][10]?it?has?become?the?lingua?franca?in?many?parts?of?the?world.[11][12]?It?is?used?extensively?as?a?second?language?and?as?an?official?language?in?Commonwealth?countries?and?many?international?organisations.
Historically,?English?originated?from?several?dialects,?now?collectively?termed?Old?English,?which?were?brought?to?Great?Britain?by?Anglo-Saxon?settlers?beginning?in?the?5th?century.?The?language?was?influenced?by?the?Old?Norse?language?of?Viking?invaders.
At?the?time?of?the?Norman?conquest,?Old?English?developed?into?Middle?English,?borrowing?heavily?from?the?Norman?(Anglo-French)?vocabulary?and?spelling?conventions.?The?etymology?of?the?word?"English"?is?a?derivation?from?12th?century?Old?English:?englisc?or?Engle,?and?plural?form?Angles;?definition?of,?relating?to,?or?characteristic?of?England.?[13]
Modern?English?developed?with?the?Great?Vowel?Shift?that?began?in?15th-century?England,?and?continues?to?adopt?foreign?words?from?a?variety?of?languages,?as?well?as?coining?new?words.?A?significant?number?of?English?words,?especially?technical?words,?have?been?constructed?based?on?roots?from?Latin?and?ancient?Greek.
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爱尔兰语(Gaeilge?na?héireann),在英语中也称为Irish、Gaelic、Irish?Gaelic或Erse(此语汇系借用自苏格兰语),因此在汉语中爱尔兰语也有“盖德尔语”、“盖尔语”、或“爱尔兰盖尔语”等其他译名。爱尔兰语在语言分类上属于印欧语系的凯尔特语族,和同属该语族的布列塔尼语、威尔士语、以及苏格兰盖尔语有相当密切的关系。爱尔兰语是爱尔兰***和国的官方语言,同时也是北爱尔兰官方承认的区域语言,使用人口有26万。
Irish?(Gaeilge)?is?a?Goidelic?language?of?the?Indo-European?language?family,?originating?in?Ireland?and?historically?spoken?by?the?Irish?people.?Irish?is?now?only?spoken?natively?by?a?small?minority?of?the?Irish?population?but?also?plays?an?important?symbolic?role?in?the?life?of?the?Irish?state,?and?is?used?across?the?country?in?a?variety?of?media,?personal?contexts?and?social?situations.?It?enjoys?constitutional?status?as?the?national?and?first?official?language?of?the?Republic?of?Ireland?and?it?is?an?official?language?of?the?European?Union.?Irish?is?also?an?officially?recognised?minority?language?in?Northern?Ireland.
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Ulster?Scots?(or?Ullans)?generally?refers?to?the?dialects?of?Scots[3][4]?spoken?in?parts?of?Ulster.[5]?Some?definitions?of?Ulster?Scots?may?also?include?Standard?English?spoken?with?an?Ulster?Scots?accent[6][7]?–?where?lexical?items?have?been?re-allocated?to?the?phoneme?classes?that?are?nearest?to?the?equivalent?standard?classes[8]?–?a?situation?equivalent?to?that?of?Lowland?Scots?and?Scottish?Standard?English.[9]?Ulster?Scots?has?also?been?influenced?by,?and?has?itself?influenced,?Mid?Ulster?English.?As?a?result?of?the?competing?influences?of?English?and?Scots?source?dialects,?varieties?can?be?characterised?as?'more?English'?or?'more?Scots'.[10]
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苏格兰盖尔语,或仅简称盖尔语(Gàidhlig;IPA:/?gɑ?l?k/),属于凯尔特语族盖尔亚支的一种语言。
与苏格兰盖尔语同属盖尔亚支的凯尔特语言尚有爱尔兰语和马恩岛语,三者都是源自古爱尔兰语。苏格兰盖尔语有时在爱尔兰或称为“苏格兰语”(Scots),然而这是错误的,因为实际上在苏格兰,所谓“苏格兰语”是用来指另一种属于日耳曼语族的“低地苏格兰语”。
苏格兰盖尔语是高地苏格兰人的传统语言;高地苏格兰人是现在主要住在苏格兰高地的凯尔特族群,但在历史上,苏格兰盖尔语曾经是大半苏格兰地区的语言,约在西元5世纪左右由苏格兰人自爱尔兰带到大不列颠(旧称?Alba?或?Albion)的加勒多尼亚(约当涵盖今天的整个苏格兰);在这里,苏格兰盖尔语取代了皮克特人的皮克特语。一直到15世纪末,盎格鲁人仍然以他们的语言称苏格兰盖尔语为“苏格兰语”(盎格鲁语:Scottis)。然而在16世纪初期,苏格兰盖尔语却变成盎格鲁人口中的“爱尔兰语”(低地苏格兰语/盎格鲁语:Erse),反而“苏格兰语”专门被用来指称“低地苏格兰语”。无论如何,苏格兰盖尔语已经在苏格兰文化占了相当重的地位,对于那些苏格兰人,不管他们会不会说苏格兰盖尔语,这个传统语言都已经变成苏格兰王国的重要文化(虽然其他人可能仍只把它当成一个地方性的语言)。
Scottish?Gaelic?(Scottish?Gaelic:?Gàidhlig)?is?a?member?of?the?Goidelic?branch?of?Celtic?languages,?and?is?distinct?from?the?Brythonic?branch?of?the?Celtic?languages,?which?includes?Welsh,?Cornish,?and?Breton.?Scottish,?Manx?and?Irish?Gaelic?(collectively?called?the?"Goidelic?languages")?are?all?descended?from?Old?Irish.?Other?common?names?for?Scottish?Gaelic?are?Scots?Gaelic?and?Highland?Gaelic.
Outside?Scotland,?it?is?occasionally?also?called?Scottish,?particularly?when?being?compared?to?Irish?and?Manx,?though?Scottish?Gaelic?should?not?be?confused?with?the?Scots?language?(Lowland?Scots,?Lallans),?which?is?an?Anglic?language?descended?from?Old?English.?Within?Scotland,?Gaelic?is?pronounced?[?ɡa?l?k]?while?outside?Scotland?it?is?usually?pronounced?/?ɡe?l?k/.
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低地苏格兰语(Scots?language)是低地苏格兰人所使用的语言,属于一种日耳曼语语系的语言。低地苏格兰语约略自12世纪开始发展,自16世纪初定型命名称呼至今。该语言语法等用法与英语十分相似,因此有时候亦被称为英语的方言之一,事实上,很多人认为低地苏格兰语也是直接由英语衍化而成。
低地苏格兰语为五百万人口的苏格兰地区所常用语言之一,在该地亦是英语和盖尔语之外的官方语言之一。
Scots?or?Lowland?Scots?is?the?variety?of?Germanic?language?traditionally?spoken?in?lowland?Scotland?and?parts?of?Ulster.?It?is?not?to?be?confused?with?Scottish?Gaelic,?the?Celtic?language?varieties?traditionally?spoken?in?the?Highlands?and?Hebrides.
Since?there?are?no?universally?accepted?criteria?for?distinguishing?languages?from?dialects,?scholars?and?other?interested?parties?often?disagree?about?the?linguistic,?historical?and?social?status?of?Scots.[1]?Although?a?number?of?paradigms?for?distinguishing?between?languages?and?dialects?do?exist,?these?often?render?contradictory?results.?Focused?broad?Scots?is?at?one?end?of?a?bipolar?linguistic?continuum,?with?Scottish?Standard?English?at?the?other?[2].?Consequently,?Scots?is?often?regarded?as?one?of?the?ancient?varieties?of?English,?but?with?its?own?distinct?dialects[3].?Alternatively?Scots?is?sometimes?treated?as?a?distinct?Germanic?language,?in?the?way?Norwegian?is?closely?linked?to,?yet?distinct?from,?Danish.[4]
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威尔士语(Cymraeg或y?Gymraeg,英文:Welsh)是英国威尔士的传统语言,属于凯尔特语族,接近布列塔尼语和康沃尔语。
如今仍然有580?000多人使用威尔士语,占威尔士人口的20%。在阿根廷的巴塔哥尼亚(Patagonia)也有一些威尔士移民保留自己的语言。1993年英国颁布的《威尔斯语法案》赋予威尔斯语在威尔士拥有与英语平等的地位,使得行政各个部门必须提供双语服务,交通标示也使用双语。
最近由威尔士语言局于2001年普查的数据,指出有58.24万人可以说威尔士语,而45.8万人可以说、读及写。对比起1991年的50.8万为少。
Welsh?(Cymraeg?or?y?Gymraeg,?pronounced?[k?m?rɑ?ɡ,ɡ?m?rɑ?ɡ])?is?a?member?of?the?Brythonic?branch?of?Celtic?spoken?natively?in?Wales,?in?England?by?some?along?the?Welsh?border?and?in?the?Welsh?immigrant?colony?in?the?Chubut?Valley?in?Argentine?Patagonia.
There?are?speakers?of?Welsh?throughout?the?world,?most?notably?in?the?rest?of?Great?Britain,?the?United?States,?Canada,?Australia?and?New?Zealand.
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康瓦尔语(康瓦尔语里的称呼为Kernewek,?Kernowek)是属于凯尔特语族中,包括威尔士语、布列塔尼语、已灭亡的坎伯兰语、及假定曾存在的伊佛尼克语的布立吞亚支。而苏格兰盖尔语、爱尔兰语、及马恩岛语则是属于另一亚支盖尔亚支。康瓦尔语约有?80%?的基本单字是和布列塔尼语***有,75%?和威尔士语***有,35%?和爱尔兰语,及?35%?和苏格兰语***有一些字汇。比较起来,威尔士语则有约?70%?的字汇是和布列塔尼语相似。
The?Cornish?language?(in?Cornish:?Kernewek?or?Kernowek)?is?one?of?the?Brythonic?group?of?Celtic?languages.?The?language?continued?to?function?as?a?community?language?in?parts?of?Cornwall?until?the?late?18th?century[citation?needed],?and?a?process?to?revive?the?language?was?started?in?the?early?20th?century,?continuing?to?this?day.
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英国虽在1973年加入欧盟,但英国出于国内政治及内部经济的考虑而拒绝加入欧元区。宪法的改革也同样是现在英国所面临的问题。目前,英国国内商业已经开始接受欧元及美元等外国货币,但是,主要的货币还是以英镑为主。
英镑(记号:£)是英国国家货币和货币单位名称。英国虽然是欧盟的成员国,但尚未加入欧元区,故仍然使用英镑。英镑主要由英格兰银行发行,但亦有其他发行机构。最常用于表示英镑的符号是£。国际标准化组织为英镑取的ISO?4217货币代码为GBP(Great?Britain?Pound)。
除了英国,英国海外领地的货币也以镑作为单位,与英镑的汇率固定为1:1。
The?pound?sterling?(symbol:?£;?ISO?code:?GBP),?often?simply?called?the?pound,?is?the?currency?of?the?United?Kingdom,?its?Crown?dependencies?(the?Isle?of?Man?and?the?Channel?Islands)?and?the?British?Overseas?Territories?of?South?Georgia?and?the?South?Sandwich?Islands[1]?and?British?Antarctic?Territory.[2]?It?is?subdivided?into?100?pence?(singular:?penny).
The?Gibraltar?pound,?Falkland?Islands?pound?and?Saint?Helena?pound?are?separate?currencies,?pegged?to?the?pound?sterling.
Sterling?is?the?third-largest?reserve?currency,?after?the?US?dollar?and?the?euro.[3]?The?pound?sterling?is?also?the?fourth-most-traded?currency?in?the?foreign?exchange?market?after?the?US?dollar,?the?euro,?and?the?Japanese?yen.[4]
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城市
Rank?City?Location?Pop.?Rank?City?Location?Pop.?
London?London?7,172,091?11?Coventry?West?Midlands?303,475
Birmingham?West?Midlands?970,892?12?Kingston?upon?Hull?Yorkshire?and?the?Humber?301,416
Glasgow?Scotland?629,501?13?Bradford?Yorkshire?and?the?Humber?293,717
Liverpool?North?West?England?469,017?14?Cardiff?Wales?292,150
Leeds?Yorkshire?and?the?Humber?443,247?15?Belfast?Northern?Ireland?276,459
Sheffield?Yorkshire?and?the?Humber?439,866?16?Stoke-on-Trent?West?Midlands?259,252
Edinburgh?Scotland?430,082?17?Wolverhampton?West?Midlands?251,462
Bristol?South?West?England?420,556?18?Nottingham?East?Midlands?249,584
Manchester?North?West?England?394,269?19?Plymouth?South?West?England?243,795
Leicester?East?Midlands?330,574?20?Southampton?South?East?England?234,224
2001?Census
The?largest?conurbations?are:
Greater?London?Urban?Area?–?8.5?million
West?Midlands?conurbation?–?2.3?million
Greater?Manchester?Urban?Area?–?2.2?million
West?Yorkshire?Urban?Area?–?1.5?million
Greater?Glasgow?–?1.2?million?
曼彻斯特(英文:Manchester),英国英格兰西北区域大曼彻斯特郡的都市自治市、城市、单一管理区,人口437,000。曼彻斯得名于古英语名字"Mamucium"(意思是奶头形状的山),及后演化,加上"ceaster",起源于古拉丁语?"Castra"?而变成"Manchester"。
大曼彻斯特成立于1974年,主要来自于兰开夏郡和柴郡,有人还认为曼彻斯特是兰开夏郡的一部分。'曼彻斯特'这个名字经常用来指整个都市区(甚至扩展到大曼彻斯特以外),其市区总人口在英国排名第二,仅次于伦敦。曼彻斯特人称为Mancunians。
曼彻斯特与特拉福德、泰姆赛德、索尔福德、斯托克波特等城镇联合成曼彻斯特地区。
Manchester?(pronounced?/?m?nt?st?r/?(?listen))?is?a?city?and?metropolitan?borough?of?Greater?Manchester,?England.?In?2007,?the?population?of?the?city?was?estimated?to?be?458,100.[2]?Manchester?lies?within?one?of?the?United?Kingdom's?largest?metropolitan?areas;?the?metropolitan?county?of?Greater?Manchester?had?an?estimated?population?of?2,562,200,?the?Greater?Manchester?Urban?Area?a?population?of?2,240,230,[3]?and?the?Larger?Urban?Zone?around?Manchester,?the?second-most-populous?in?the?UK,?had?an?estimated?population?in?the?2004?Urban?Audit?of?2,539,100.[4]?The?demonym?of?Manchester?is?Mancunian.
伯明翰(英文:Birmingham),英国英格兰西米德兰兹区域西米德兰兹郡的大型工业城市,据2002年统计数字,该城人口有989,956人,在伯明翰周围80公里范围内的总人口有2百万人左右,是英国除伦敦外最大的都会区。
伯明翰人的地方口音和英国英格兰中西部煤矿区口音相似,伯明翰人的特点是比较勤劳和富于幽默感。
Birmingham?(pronounced?/?b?mm/?(?listen),?BUR-ming-?m,?locally?/?b?m?ɡ?m/?BUR-ming-g?m)?is?a?city?and?metropolitan?borough?in?the?West?Midlands?county?of?England.?Birmingham?is?the?second-most?populous?British?city,?with?a?population?of?1,006,500?(2006?estimate).[2].
The?City?of?Birmingham?forms?part?of?the?larger?West?Midlands?conurbation,?which?has?a?population?of?2,284,093?(2001?census)[3]?and?includes?several?neighbouring?towns?and?cities,?such?as?Solihull,?Wolverhampton?and?the?towns?of?the?Black?Country.
爱丁堡(英文:Edinburgh,或苏格兰盖尔语:Dùn?éideann),英国苏格兰首府,也是续格拉斯哥后苏格兰的第二大城市。爱丁堡位于苏格兰东海岸福斯湾南岸,北纬55°57',?西经3°11'?。1995年被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。截止到2001年统计人口为448,624人,占地面积264?平方公里。
贝尔法斯特(英语:?Belfast?;?爱尔兰语:?Béal?Feirste)位于爱尔兰岛东北沿海的拉干河口,在贝尔法斯特湾的西南侧,是英国北爱尔兰的最大海港。始建于1888年,自1920年起成为北爱尔兰的首府。现有人口276,459,都会区579,554,是北爱尔兰政治、文化中心和最大的工业城市。