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The public
sphere by jurgen Habenmas
By public sphere we mean first of all a domain of our social life in which such a
thing as public opinion can be formed. Access to the public sphere is open in
principle to all citizens. A portion of the public sphere is constituted (neither)
in every conversation in which private persons come conducting their private affairs,nor as legal consociates subject to the legal regulations of a state
bureaucracy and obligated to obedience. Citizens act as a public when they deal
with matters of and unite freely, and express and publicize their opinion freely.
When the build is large, this kind of communication requires certain means of
dissemination and influence: today, newspapers and periodicals, radio and television are the media of the public sphere. We speak of a political public sphere (as
distinguished from a literary one, for instance) when the public discussions
concern objects connected with the practice of the state. The coercive
power to the state is the counterpart, as it were, of the political public sphere,
but it is not a part to it. State power is, to be sure,considered "public" power, but it owes the attributes of publicness to this task of caring for the public, that is, providing for the common good
of all legal consociates. Only when the exercise of public authority has actually
been subordinated to the requirement of democratic publicness does the
political sphere acquire an institutionalized influence on the
government, by way of the legislative body. The term "public opinion“ refers to the functions of criticism and control of organized
state authority that the public exercises informally, as well
as formally during periodic elections. Regulations concerning the publicness
(or publicity in its original meaning) of state-related activities, as, for instance,
the public accessibility required of legal proceedings, are also connected with
this function of public opinion. To the public sphere as sphere mediating
between state and society, a sphere in which the public as the vehicle of
public opinions is formed, there corresponds the principle of publicness—the publicness that once had to win out
against the secret
politics of monarchs and that
since then has permitted democratic control of state activity.
公***领域
由jurgen Habenmas撰写
我们所说的公***领域首先指的就是我们社会生活的领域。在这一领域中,社会舆论会便会形成。原则上,所有公民都有权利进入公***领域。许多公***领域既不是由每次对话构成的,这些对话一般是指私人之间往来事物的私人谈话,也不是作为法定的合伙人而屈从于国家官僚机构的法律规定和在义务上的服从。当公民处理事件,自由地团结,以及自由地表达和宣传自我的立场观点时,公民就可以视作公众。当这一体制变得足够庞大的时候,这种会话就需要某些特定的交流和传播的方式。当下,报刊杂志、广播电视是公***领域的传播媒介。当公议涉及到有关国家实践的谈资上时,我们就会谈论到政治公***领域(注意:此概念要与文学的公***领域的概念区分开来)。可以说,对国家来而言,强制力就是国家的公***领域的对应物,但是对国家来说这只是冰山一角。无疑,人们将国家的权利称作公众权利,但国家却将公***本性归功于为迎合公众的所作的任务上,换言之,就是为了所有法定合伙人的***同利益。只有当公***权力的行使屈从于民主公开性的需求时且立法机关经手公***领域,才会获得对政府产生制度化的影响。公众舆论这一术语是指批评的作用以及对分级自组织状态的控制,通俗地讲就是公众的活动;而正式地讲,则是指在定期选举中的批评指责。例如,就与国家相关的活动而言(公***性的原意)可及性也是需要通过法律诉讼手段来实现,而规章也与公众舆论衍生出的效用息息相关。对于公***领域来说,这一领域可以看作国家和社会之间的领域调解。在这一领域里,民众被看作推动社会舆论形成的车辆。在那里,则会相应地产生出公众性的准则——即从那时以来,公民对国家活动进行民主控制的公***性一旦得到应允,民众就会在反对君主独自进行私密的政治活动的那场战役中众胜出。