跪求翻译大神帮忙，英文文献综述介绍目的论，不求能翻译完，重点词汇就好

Skopos theory

In twentieth Century 70, functionalist translation theory originated in germany. Itsdevelopment has gone through several stages.

The first stage: Katherina Les for the first time the functional category into translation criticism, will be the language function, linked text types and translation strategies, to the development of the relationship between the source text and the target functionbased model of translation criticism, thus put forward the rudiment of functionalist theory. Les thinks that the ideal translation should be comprehensive communicative translation, namely in the conceptual content, language forms and communicative functions are equivalent to the original, but the priority should be in practice is thefunctional characteristics of translation.

The second stage: Hans Vermeer (Vermeer) presented the skopos theory, thetranslation from the original center out of bound of theory of. The theory is that the original translation is based on a purpose and results of behavior, this behavior must be done through consultations; translation must follow a series of law, including objective law in the first place. That is to say, the purpose of translation depends on translation. In addition, the translation must follow the "coherence rule" and the"coherence rule". The former refers to the translation to the internal coherence in thetarget text receiver, it is understandable, the latter refers to the coherence between the translation and the original should. After the introduction of these three principles,evaluation criteria of translation is no longer "equivalence", but full of translation to achieve the desired objectives. Vermeer also proposed the appointment of the concept of translation, namely, the translator should be to decide whether, when, how to accomplish the task of translation. That is to say, the translator should according to different purposes of translation by the corresponding translation strategies, but also have the right to decide what the purpose of translation can keep the original text,what need to adjust or modify.

Fimmel thinks, the highest law in translation should be "objective law". That is to say,the purpose of translation, the translation strategies, methods are also different. In other words, the purpose of translation determines the translation strategies and methods. For Chinese and western translation history, the domestication andforeignization, peer discussion and nearly twenty or thirty years translation anddynamic equivalence, "Skopos Theory" have made a very good explanation.Translation is domestication or foreignization, depends on the purpose of translation.Due to the functional translation theory is to "objective principle" as the highest criterion, and any translation activity is purposeful, ultimate goal and main function of translation is to help people understand the main content of the movie, and stimulate the audience's desire. We therefore need to functional translation theory, especially the "Skopos Theory" school to do simple to understand.

The third stage: Justa Hotz Manta in reference communication and behavior theory,put forward the translation behavior theory, the further development of thefunctionalist translation theory, this theory will translate as by purpose drive, the interaction between people with translation results oriented. The theory and purpose of a lot in common, Vermeer was also the two fusion.

The fourth stage: Christina Nord comprehensive summary and improvement of the theory of functionalism. Internal and external factors of Christina Nord for the first time in English systematically expounds the text analysis in translation, and how to set upthe purpose of translation function on the basis of the original translation strategies.Christina Nord sent the doctrine of the functions carried out, and puts forward the principles guiding the translator should follow the principle of "function plus loyalty",so as to improve the theory.