急需一篇关于”刑事和解”方面的外文原著

The three Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) 1940 was the forcible annexation

On August 23, 1939, signed a nonaggression treaty Sood. Latvia and Estonia were satisfied

Into the Soviet sphere of influence. September 28, Sood friendship and the two countries signed the border treaty, Lithuania into

Soviet sphere of influence. The Soviet Union received commitments from Germany immediately after the annexation of the three Baltic states proceed,

Throughout the entire process can be divided into two stages.

First phase: signing control phase (August 1939 - May 1940)

The three Baltic states close to the two强邻of great concern. Riga in the Soviet Union Plenipotentiary Zotov

The national report said: "Ribbentrop洛甫to sign the Treaty of Moscow, the first caused public alarm

Ti, fear Sood collusion .... Carve up Poland and the three Baltic states. "August 31, Molotov whether

Identification and Germany have carved up spheres of influence in any agreement, and expects signed with the three Baltic countries of the Mutual Assistance

About, the army stationed at the same time ask for the right.

September 19, the Soviet Union an excuse Poland "hawks" of the submarine incident to exert pressure on the Estonia, claiming that

Estonia to the Soviet Union does not recognize its sovereignty over coastal waters, it will be the safety of the Soviet Union to defend.

In order to disarm crisis, September 24, the Estonian Foreign Minister Xie Lichaer亲率government delegation to Mo

Nova Scotia, request reconciliation. The government took this opportunity to ask the Soviet Union signed mutual assistance treaties, and also handed the Sudanese side develop interoperability

Help treaties and the draft protocol. Molotov threatened: "If you do not want to enter into mutual aid, and we

About, then we will have to be through other channels, perhaps more serious, more sophisticated ways to protect

National security, please do not force us to use force to Estonia. "On the 26th Xie Lichaer back

States, the national government to refer the draft of the Soviet Union. The main contents of the draft are: the Soviet Union recognized love Shani

Asia as a sovereign state is willing to provide military assistance to Estonia, and in the economic, diplomatic front with the full

Support for Estonia to the Soviet Union to establish a naval base and open up the airport's rights.

The Soviet government in order to force the government to give in Estonia and constantly sent aircraft airspace show in Estonia

Granville. On September 26, members of the Soviet defense orders Soviet Voroshilov: "Rafah begin immediately in love

Border troops assembled, and on September 29 to complete the operation. "Asked the Leningrad Military District" to love sand

Caledonia implementation of a strong and resolute surprise. "

The strong pressure from the Soviet Union, on September 27, the Estonian government decided to accept the recommendations of the parties. Xie

Lichaer again was ordered to fly to Moscow. The process of negotiations, the Soviet Union used "to defend the Soviet Union in Estonia

The port and naval base in Estonia guarantee stability "as an excuse to put forward to the Estonian government garrison 3.5

The new requirements million people, and instructed the Estonian side to immediately responded. Estonian government, being unable to withstand

Soviet pressing harder and harder to accept all the demands made of the Soviet Union, the two sides in September 28 or "Su

German border and Friendship Treaty, "signed that day to make the" Su caring Treaty "and its secret protocols.

The treaty provides that: each other to provide all assistance, including the land and sea border of the two countries subject to any EU

Chau major powers from the Baltic Sea or through the territory of Latvia violations or violations of military threat

Assistance; preferential terms to the Soviet Union to Estonia army with weapons and military materiel; love to grant the Soviet Union

In Sana'a out Argentine, hiiumaa rent and paldiski City airport building naval bases and the right to

To defend these facilities, and the Soviet Union can be deployed to strictly limit the number of land and air forces; both sides should guarantee not

To participate in any other party to oppose the alliance or bloc; the implementation of the treaty should not undermine the sovereignty of the two sides,

Including bilateral economic system and political system. Secret Love Protocol on the number of troops stationed in the Soviet Union, the time was that

It provides: assigned to be in Europe during the war, a number not more than 25,000.

Su caring signing of the treaty, the Soviet government immediately turned to look Latvia. October 1,

Latvian Soviet government proposals to the government on bilateral relations "consultations." Latvian President and Prime Minister

Wuni Manis take into account Sood, Su love the signing of the treaty, the situation in Eastern Europe on the significant impact of the original

The agreement signed with the Soviet Union. The next day, Foreign Minister Mengchaershi, he rushed to Moscow, in the mode of love Su

On the basis to begin negotiations. Molotov said: "If you agree with this advice, then we will be able to

The principles set. We need to establish a base in不冻coast. "Stalin said:" We would like to talk about

Airports and military defense issues. We will not touch your constitution, institutions, ministries, or diplomatic, financial

Government policies and economic system. Our demand is because Germany and the British and French operations. "

The Latvian delegation pointed out: Overall this is a step towards friendship, but it may lead

Latvia to the Soviet Union for the control, but also in the number of Soviet troops on the Sudanese side by 50,000 people, demands

Too high, pull the need careful consideration.

On October 3, negotiations continue, the Latvian delegation said that it would be difficult to provide the Soviet Union Treaty

The draft recommended to the government but could not explain to the people, Mengchaershi that: "The treaty will be justified

Solutions for the establishment of some sort of protection relations, the freedom-loving people, it is unacceptable, Ho

Latvia current status of the country could fully guarantee the safety and indirectly guarantee the security of the Soviet Union. "Representative

Mission also oppose the Soviet Union in the two ice-free port and the establishment of military bases Pitelageshi and insist that the

Soviet troops restrictions in 20,000 people below to pull the military in peacetime does not exceed the number of hours of emplacement only fitness

For "At present in Europe during the" Once in Europe ended, troops should be immediately withdrawn. Molotov continue to resist

Absolutely Latvian delegation's proposal, saying: "Your proposal is absolutely unacceptable, please test

Concern about the situation! "Stalin added:" You should be considered in the worst situation, you do not believe

As we, and we do not trust you. Do you think we want you occupied. We could now

In doing so directly, but we did not do so. "He's shoulders delegation, the Soviet Union is only a garrison

Support preventive military forces.

After sustained, tense, heated debate, on October 5, the two sides signed and Mutual Assistance Treaty. Treaties

Content and "Su caring treaty" similar to the Soviet naval base in Rafah and the airport Lixiemoe, text

Ventspils, the garrison not more than 25,000 people. Su love, Sura after the signing of the Treaty on the turn of Lithuania.

According to Sood secret agreements, Lithuania is the German sphere of influence. September 28, and the friendly side Sood

Community Treaty will include it in the Soviet Union's sphere of influence. On the 30th, Molotov public summoned Lithuania in Moscow

So Nateji Avignon丘斯, sought negotiations relations between the two countries. October 3, Lithuania Foreign Minister Wuerbu

什斯arrived in Moscow, Stalin proposed维尔诺City and维尔诺province returned to parts of the Tao Li

WAN. At the same time to Sura, love treaty modeled on the Soviet Union, signed a mutual assistance treaty, the treaty valid for 20,

Wartime Soviet garrison 50,000 people. Wuerbu什斯pointed out that the Soviets put the draft treaty is actually

The occupation of Lithuania. Stalin that "the Soviet Union has no intention to threaten the independence of Lithuania, on the contrary, is Garrison

The real security of Lithuania. "Molotov threatened that Estonia has signed similar treaties,

Latvia also agreed that if Lithuania refused, it will undermine the forthcoming completion of the defense system. In Su

The pressure, Wuerbu什斯to make concessions, but require the Soviet Union to reduce the number of troops to 23,000

, And only stationed in维尔诺areas. Stalin immediately rejected that request, the Soviet Union proposed Garrison

The number should not be less than 35,000 people.

October 4 morning, the delegation returned to the capital of Lithuania examination Janus, October 7 to return to Moscow,

Soviet troops stationed in Lithuania on issues such as timing of new proposals, but the Sudanese side is not interested in this, and use of peacekeeping

尔诺issues put pressure on the people of Lithuania, Molotov threatened: "the Soviet government it is impossible to make Bougainville

Connaught people to maintain long-term stability without concern their request. "Lithuania who does not accept the mutual assistance treaty

We can not be维尔诺. "Pravda" have been sending the message, claimed that the city assigned to the West

Belarus. Senior leaders of Belarus were marked off维尔诺, in a bid to "receive" and the construction industry

Li Soviet system.

October 10, Lithuania Molotov delegation accepted the amendment, signed "on peacekeeping

尔诺City and维尔诺province handed over to Lithuania and the Soviet Union and Lithuania on the mutual assistance treaty "within the treaty

Su Yung and love, the same Sura Treaty, the Soviet Union garrison up to 20,000 people.

The three Baltic states of the Soviet Union Enwei and Oxfam, forcing them into signing the Treaty on Mutual Assistance acts敢怒afraid

Words and their lack of trust in Stalin's leadership group on the future of the Baltic countries the future with anxiety,

Mengchaershi declared: "This means that a turning point in the history of Latvia." Wuerbu什斯means

A: Lithuania is with a very heavy heart signing of the treaty. Estonia signed in Xie Lichaer

After about handed in his resignation.

After the signing of the mutual assistance treaty during the period of time, due to the development of the Western European war is not yet clear, the Soviet Union

The government takes a cautious wait-and-see policy. Soviet consider yes, the British and French and the Baltic countries have a good

Relations, once the British and French victory, the German sphere of influence of the Soviet Union and the demarcation agreement will be of no value, such as the Soviet Union

According to Sood agreement to take action on the three Baltic states, the British and French will be considered hostile action and sent troops to stem

For; and the Soviet Union in the Baltic region's policies are regional, subject to the overall needs. For

Here, the Soviet government against military and political leaders of the Baltic countries to interfere in the internal affairs of 1939 on October 14

, Molotov Plenipotentiaries on the test Janus: "Left-wing groups must be prohibited with all the contacts,

Only the government and official bodies keep in touch. "October 21, more sharply Pozdniakov

, "You - the plenipotentiaries of all staff, including the military attache in Lithuania should not be

The two parties were prohibited to interfere in affairs. "October 23, Molotov in Tallinn to the Plenipotentiary尼肯gold

Na also issued the same instructions: "You should understand that there can not interfere in the internal affairs of Estonia

He moves. "October 25, members of the Department of Defense people stationed on the issue of the Red Army issued orders to all

Officers and soldiers of "under no circumstances interfere in the internal affairs of the three countries," and "on the Baltic countries' Su

Riviere of 'talk and our policy is the fundamental contradiction, there is no doubt that this is a provocative statement

On .... If the soldiers in this' of the Soviet 'emotions and opinions, they should thoroughly eliminate,

Showing no mercy in the future must be stopped. "

Because of strict compliance with the Soviet Union promised by the mutual assistance treaty obligations and adopted a policy of non-interference in internal affairs,

The three Baltic states signed mutual assistance treaty in the beginning of the gradual disappearance of cowardly fear of the Soviet government

A sense of trust is growing. The relationship between the two tends to slow.

Second stage: formal annexation phase (1940

, 5 to August)

On May 10, 1940, the German army invaded the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France. On the 10th, Lu

No war-Fort surrender, on the 15th, Dutch troops surrendered; on the 28th, an Army surrender; British and French troops repeatedly frustrated,

In Dunkirk facing a hopeless situation. Stalin see Wehrmacht smooth the west, and the British and French there is no guarantee that the two countries have their own, out of

Its own security needs, began to change abide by the policy of mutual assistance treaties, in turn prepared the annexation of the Baltic

The three countries.

May 25, the Sudanese side claimed that "in Lithuania under the protection of government agencies", a Red Army soldier

Disappearances, note to the Lithuanian government to immediately stop provocation, or the Soviet Union will take special measures. Li Tao

WAN cessation Soviet government to the anger, the next day answer to "conduct thorough investigations." On the 28th,

The establishment of the Commission of Inquiry. However, the Soviet government ulterior motives, and continue to encourage the escalation of the conflict, Caine

Lithuania must refuse any cooperation between the investigating authorities. Lithuania area to prevent developments, a

That "whole-heartedly welcome the Soviet government to identify all the events proposed by the request," conducted a series of side

Out arrest, and to the strengthening of the Soviet resident nearby residents surveillance. June 7, Lithuania Prime Minister梅尔基

Slovakia, June 11 Foreign Minister Wuerbu什斯to Moscow, talks with the Sudanese side, and strive to resolve the conflict.

June 14 should Molotov waive the requirements of the Minister of the Interior and the political police Shikuqiashi Director wave

维伊quarter Andean duties, to show sincerity in resolving this incident.

However, the Soviets continued to aggravate the situation, the military concluded that the three Baltic countries

Things alliance against the Soviet Union. However, the three countries on September 12, 1934 entered into a treaty of alliance, not

The Soviet government only has been seen as part of collective security, but also with the Soviet Union in three

States also signed mutual assistance treaties to maintain that there is no opposition alliance demands. June 1940

On the 14th, the Soviet Union continue to intensify the pressure, Molotov said in a statement: "The government tried to Soviet Lithuania

Not stationed in Lithuania .... Grossly undermined and mutual assistance treaties signed with the Soviet Union, while the Soviet Union and is prepared violations

Habitat. "And demanded the government of Lithuania: (1) Shikuqiashi, Beiweiyi quarter Andean sent to the court;

(2) formed in Lithuania "has the ability and determination to guarantee the faithful implementation of mutual assistance treaties and firmly suppressing opposition

The government, (3) ensure that "free passage Lithuania Soviet territory, in order to re-deployed in Lithuania

To center, the number should be sufficient to guarantee Soviet Treaty on Mutual Assistance in the implementation and prevent anti-Garrison's provocations. "

Lithuania demands in 10 hours to reply within Otherwise, the "Soviet Union would immediately went to Lithuania."

Lithuania in the isolated and helpless circumstances, in the Soviet Union ultimatum expired 15 minutes before Wuerbu

什斯notice Molotov, Lithuania accept all the requirements.

Lithuania was forced to comply, the Soviet government also故技重演on June 16 to the Latvian public

The Minister lei Keqinshen and Estonia submitted a statement accusing the two countries signed the Agreement on the Baltic Sea,

The two countries set up a new government requirements and agree to the Soviet troops, ordering in six hours to reply within. Two G

House weak, accepted within the time prescribed by the conditions of the Soviet Union, announced the resignation of the former government.

The three governments were forced to make concessions, the Soviet government instructed Jiekadazuofu, Japan丹诺夫, Vischinski

As a special envoy to go to Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia negotiating the composition of the new government, the three countries

Presidential pressure forced the Sudanese side, the Soviet side fully accepted the designation of candidates to form the pro-Soviet government. Pago out Mainz

Prime Minister Keith for Lithuania, Latvia Jierhengshenting for prime minister,瓦列斯for the Estonian Prime Minister.

Soviet troops were stationed in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia. The establishment of the new government and Soviet troops were stationed

States, in effect bringing the three countries completely lost their independence. Governments of the three countries in the implementation of any of the important measures

When Moscow had to uphold the instructions or acting on the orders of Moscow representative. July 14, the three countries at the same time into the

Bank parliamentary elections, announced the establishment of Soviet power. Early in August 1940, the seventh meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union

The meeting decided absorbed Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia to the Soviet Union 14, 15, 16 plus

UNITA Republic. The three Baltic states formally absorbed into the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union increased by 174,000 square kilometers soil

, 5.86 million population.

The war has opened, the big powers have their own intention, therefore, the Soviet annexation of the three Baltic countries

In the international community did not draw much response. Germany now busy with the West line combat, too busy East caring, but also

Unwilling to prematurely cut off ties with the Soviet Union. When the three Baltic countries facilitating through mediation at the request of Germany, the German state

Degrees "This is purely Soviet Union and the Baltic States?", "Germany has no intention to intervene in the Baltic States

The political affairs. "The attitude of the British and French are the two negative. Between the two world wars, they transferred wave

Sea the three countries as "Europe's anti-布尔什维of outposts," If you want to merge the Soviet Union, was inevitable

The opposition to the Western countries. But this time, the British and French troops in combat with the German army defeated each time because not only lacks the strength and

Far too busy to take into account the three Baltic countries in Eastern Europe, in the three Baltic states of the Soviet Union can only listen to the action

Of the issue.