求有关唐朝经济的英文文章并附中文解释

Is a strong and prosperous Tang dynasty big. So the big dynasties have, because (a) in the Yellow River Basin, SUI is not a severe blow to the peasant uprising of the landlord class, the relations of production occurred in the early Tang Dynasty some changes. (B) in the Yangtze River basin, following the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the economy continues to rise, not the Southern Dynasties, the show goes beyond the Yellow River Basin has been the trend, making the Tang Dynasty unified, with strong economic strength. Another reason is that the rulers of the early Tang, Sui did not see the power of the peasant uprising, in general there is the fear, afraid to over-indulgence of political, social to maintain long-term peace in the state is conducive to economic recovery and development. The mid-Tang Dynasty, the Yellow River Basin from the scourge of war, the court relied on the Yangtze River Basin to pay given the enormous financial costs. Ye is not the late Tang Dynasty, the Yangtze River basin occurred separatist war, the decline is that the demise of the imperial court. Yangtze River Basin in a unified dynasty in such an important role to play is only the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, a new phenomenon. This shows that the development of the Yangtze River Basin has become a fertile region, and the Yellow River into a base for R & F than in the Han Dynasty more than double, so, since the Sui and Tang, the Chinese feudal economy has entered a higher stage of development.

In general, the economic prosperity of the early Tang Dynasty, mainly in the agricultural production on the rise since the mid-term prosperity of the following, mainly in the business sector, in particular, thrive on business. As a result of the ruling class, a large number of consumer, commercial prosperity of the other side, it is subjected to severe exploitation of farmers, agriculture continued to decline.

Feudal economy lies in agriculture. The Rise and Fall of the Tang Dynasty, agriculture, and Juntian庄田into, as well as rent-yung tax is transferred into the two are related. Wude唐高祖seven years (六二四年) provides Juntian Yong transfer law and law of rent. Two laws in mind more than the book different from the basis of the following "old food goods Zhi Tang Dynasty" by the mind, and then the light of his books, briefly Juntian Tang and Yong-transfer law of rent.

"Old food goods Zhi Tang Dynasty", said since the new-born men and women known as the yellow above, more than four-year-old small male over the age of 16 for men, more than 21-year-old成丁, 60 years old. Creating a population of annual accounts, build a residence for three years. This is the most important laws, and rent Juntian Yong Shi transfer law firms are based in this Act. Tang cases, the韦皇into small after the age of 23-year-old. Xuanzong when more than 18-year-old male,成丁more than 23-year-old, more than 58-year-old veteran. 16-year-old male changed since 18 years old, 21-year-old成丁changed since 23 years old, the old 60-year-old changed since 58 years old, are to reduce liturgical and is conducive to the general public.

Juntian law - 18-year-old male to the field for more than one ares, of which two tenths for the World Business (Wing Yip), eight points for the mouth. Old men, disabled people to 40 acres. Widowed wife, widowed concubine to the 30 acres, in the case of the head of household, plus the 20 acres.受田physical death, the world industry heirs accepted by Tian, mouth sub-fields to the officer, a separate distribution.

Yong rent transfer method - Tang liturgical law: the rent per year satisfied the small millet or rice Ershi mitsuishi. Transfer, with the local production, silkworm Rural satisfied each year Ling Ding, silk, ? the二丈, 32 cotton, non-silkworm Rural二丈Chenab foot, three catties Ma. Yong, each year of service on the 20th d, Leap increase on the 2nd, if not in service, daily satisfied yung silk cloth three feet or three feet five七寸.受田male after the transfer to pay rents and service成丁, the military service. National emergency, plus service on the 20th on the 15th, free transfer; increase service on the 30th, both rent-free transfer. Together with the increase in service is service, shall not exceed the total number of五十日. Disasters such as floods, droughts and insect cream, great loss for more than four rent-free, loss-free transfer for more than six, seven or more losses, service classes are free.

604 years,隋扬Di ascended the throne, the abolition of women and slaves下诏, steps to the service class. Kaihuang节妇system was exempt from the provisions of service, Emperor changed woman is free, it is a tax system reform. Rent Yong Tang Emperor transfer method using the new system, no longer take her class service. Several times the release of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and miscellaneous household slaves, but still allowed to retain some steps to the Northern Zhou Dynasty nobles and female passengers, the number would not be many. Sui Pingliang one with no so-called "slave thief" an army, the head of origin of slaves, soldiers there are many naturally born slaves. Tang also be raised in the slave operations, Ligong after a tour with the same people, probably not as big Sui wars, slave trade and the number of steps to further lower the rent law yung transfer steps to the abolition of the slave labor class, mainly because of limited income with the abolition of the meaning of woman is a different class of service. Tang刑部doctor属官there are official, officer in charge of the slave. Slaves from the rebellious prisoners and the families of offenders. Serving people throughout the year, known as the official servants. Free (under the amnesty Chao court officials and servants and ordinary sinner may waiver) once known as the Fan family, tripling the annual service, one month each fan. Second-free as miscellaneous household or the household, every two years to serve five-lycopene. As a free three良人(civilians). 60 years of age and disability of the officer's lackey, a Crown households over the age of 70良人effective. County live outside the official servants, satisfied the money each year丁男1500 text, small slave girl in the 300 year-old text, Tang official servants of the treatment, the nature of the penalty, there is no economic significance. Private servants are not used in the main production, so the slave than the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, the number and role greatly reduced.

唐是繁荣强盛的大朝代。这个大朝代的所以产生，原因是（一）在黄河流域，隋未农民起义严重地打击了地主阶级，使得唐前期生产关系发生一些变化。（二）在长江流域，东晋以下，经济继续在上升，南朝未年，已经显出超越黄河流域的趋势，使得统一的唐朝，拥有雄厚的经济力量。还有一个原因是唐前期的统治者，看到隋未农民起义的威力，一般还有所畏惧，政治上不敢过度放纵，社会得以保持长时期的安宁状态，有利于经济的恢复和发展。唐中期，黄河流域遭受战祸，朝廷依靠长江流域的财赋来支付巨大的费用。唐后期的未叶，长江流域发生割据战争，朝廷也就衰微以至于灭亡。长江流域在统一的朝代里起着如此重大的作用，是唐朝才开始的新现象。这说明长江流域开发成为富饶地区，与黄河流域合并成一个基地，比两汉富力增加一倍以上，因此，自隋、唐开始，中国封建经济进入了更高的发展阶段。

大体上，唐前期的经济繁荣，主要表现在农业生产的兴盛上，自中期以下的繁荣，主要表现在工商业特别是商业的兴盛上。由于统治阶级的大量消费，商业兴盛的另一面，正是农民遭受严重的剥削，农业不断在衰落。

封建经济的根本在于农业。唐朝农业的兴衰，与均田变为庄田，以及租庸调变为两税是有关系的。唐高祖武德七年（六二四年）规定均田法和租庸调法。两法各书所记多有出入，下面依据《旧唐书·食货志》所记，再参酌他书，略述唐均田法和租庸调法。

《旧唐书·食货志》说，男女自初生以上称为黄，四岁以上为小，男丁十六岁以上为中男，二十一岁以上为成丁，六十岁为老。每年造一次人口账，三年造一次户籍。这是最重要的法令，均田法和租庸调法的行施都以这个法令为根据。唐中宗时，韦皇后请改成丁年龄为二十三岁。唐玄宗时，以十八岁以上为中男，二十三岁以上为成丁，五十八岁以上为老。中男自十六岁改为十八岁，成丁自二十一岁改为二十三岁，老自六十岁改为五十八岁，都是减轻赋役，有利于广大民众。

均田法——男丁十八岁以上给田一顷，其中十分之二为世业（永业），八为口分。老男、残废人给四十亩。寡妻、寡妾给三十亩，如是户主，加给二十亩。受田人身死，世业田得由继承人接受，口分田归官，另行分配。

租庸调法——唐赋役法：租，每丁每年纳粟二石或稻三石。调，随乡土所产，蚕乡每丁每年纳绫、绢、?各二丈，绵三两，非蚕乡纳布二丈五尺，麻三斤。庸，每丁每年服役二十日，闰月加二日，如不服役，每日纳庸绢三尺或布三尺七寸五分。中男受田后，纳租调并服役，成丁后，服兵役。国家有事，二十日外加役十五日，可免调；加役三十日，租调都免。加役连同正役，总数不得超过五十日。如水旱虫霜成灾，十分损四以上免租，损六以上免调，损七以上，课役都免。

六○四年，隋扬帝即位，下诏废除妇人及奴婢、部曲的课役。开皇制规定节妇得免课役，隋炀帝改为妇人全免，实是赋税制的一个大改革。唐租庸调法采用隋炀帝的新制，不再取妇人课役。北周武帝数次释放奴隶和杂户，但仍允许北周贵族保留一些部曲和客女，人数不会太多。隋未平凉一带有所谓“奴贼”的一支军队，首领出身奴隶，兵士中自然也有不少出身奴隶的人。又唐军中有奴隶应募作战，立功后与普通人同样得赏，大概经隋未大战争，奴隶和部曲的人数更为减少，租庸调法废除奴隶部曲的课役，主要是因为所得有限，与废除妇人课役意义是不同的。唐刑部属官有都官郎中，掌管官奴隶。奴隶来源是俘虏和叛逆犯的家属。通年服役的人，称为官奴婢。免（朝廷下赦诏，官奴婢与普通罪人同得宽免）一次称为番户，每年服役三番，每番一个月。免二次称为杂户或官户，每两年服役五番。免三次成为良人（平民）。六十岁以上及残废的官奴婢，得为官户，七十岁以上得力良人。住在外州县的官奴婢，丁男每年纳钱一千五百文，丁婢中男每年三百文，唐对官奴婢的待遇，是刑罚性质，没有经济意义。私家奴婢主要也不是用在生产方面，所以唐朝奴隶比起南北朝来，数量和作用都大大减少了。

历史总论:

唐朝建国后，继续完善三省六部、科举、均田制及租庸调等制度，社会迅速发展。唐太宗时，出现“贞观之治”。此后政坛风云多变，并产生武则天改唐建周的历史。开元时期，唐朝国势登峰造极。安史之乱后，一方面形成藩镇割据的局面，同时又出现宦官专权与官僚势力激烈斗争的现象，逐渐削弱了唐帝国统治。黄巢农民大起义涌现后，唐朝很快走向灭亡。

唐朝时期，社会经济发展迅速。农业生产技术进步，粮食亩产量增加；手工业水平提高，产品更为丰富、精良；商业规模扩大，南北经济交流密切，并产生柜坊、飞钱。同时，出现经济重心南移的趋势。唐朝加强了对周边少数民族地区的管理，遂作为经济、文化交流的中心屹立于世界之林。唐朝时期，文化异常灿烂夺目，宗教思想、文学艺术、史学、科学技术等等领域成果辉煌，造就出李白、杜甫、玄奘、刘知几、僧一行及孙思邈等等杰出人物。另外，社会风气开放，民间生活多姿多彩，都使得唐朝呈现出高度的文明气象。